The protective effect of metformin on mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic mice brain.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder associated with mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction and oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes-associated neurological complications remain elusive. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of metformin (MF) on regulatory networks and integrated stress responses in brain tissue of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with MF (20 mg/kg BW), and whole brain tissue was harvested for further analysis. Protein carbonylation was measured as a marker of neuronal oxidative stress. Protein expression of mt chaperones, maintenance proteins, and regulators of the unfolded protein response (UPR) were measured by Western blot. Transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme GSTA4; mt biogenesis markers, ER stress regulators, and miR-132 and miR-148a were analysed using qPCR.

The results showed that MF efficiently reduced protein carbonylation and oxidation. Mt function was improved by MF-treatment through upregulation of chaperone proteins (HSP60, HSP70 and LonP1). MF elicits the UPR to attenuate ER stress through a miR-132 repression mechanism. Additionally, MF was found to elevate deacetylases- Sirt1, Sirt3; and mt biogenesis marker PGC-1α through miR-148a repression. This is the first study to demonstrate the epigenetic regulation of mt maintenance by MF in diabetic C57BL/6 mouse whole brain tissue. We thus conclude that MF, beyond its anti-hyperglycaemic role, mediates neuroprotection through epigenomic and integrated stress responses in diabetic mice.

Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Mu01	Cloud-Clone	472.74 EUR 229.00 EUR 1497.76 EUR 565.92 EUR 1031.84 EUR 379.00 EUR 3594.40 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Mu02	Cloud-Clone	472.74 EUR 229.00 EUR 1497.76 EUR 565.92 EUR 1031.84 EUR 379.00 EUR 3594.40 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Ra01	Cloud-Clone	503.20 EUR 238.00 EUR 1612.00 EUR 604.00 EUR 1108.00 EUR 400.00 EUR 3880.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Ra02	Cloud-Clone	503.20 EUR 238.00 EUR 1612.00 EUR 604.00 EUR 1108.00 EUR 400.00 EUR 3880.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Ra03	Cloud-Clone	503.20 EUR 238.00 EUR 1612.00 EUR 604.00 EUR 1108.00 EUR 400.00 EUR 3880.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ES6410-100ul	ELK Biotech	100ul	279 EUR
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, WB, ELISA
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ES6410-50ul	ELK Biotech	50ul	207 EUR
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, WB, ELISA
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx125650	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 592.00 EUR 182.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 20 ul 50 ul
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx128572	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1149.00 EUR 565.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx130190	Abbexa	439.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1247.00 EUR 592.00 EUR 328.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx130191	Abbexa	439.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1247.00 EUR 592.00 EUR 328.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx119088	Abbexa	314.00 EUR 98.00 EUR 398.00 EUR 495.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 200 ug 300 µg
Neuronal Pentraxin Ii Antibody
20-abx114085	Abbexa	732.00 EUR 398.00 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx111293	Abbexa	732.00 EUR 398.00 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ABP55411-003ml	Abbkine	0.03ml	158 EUR
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This Neuronal PAS1 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Neuronal PAS1 at AA range: 420-500
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ABP55411-01ml	Abbkine	0.1ml	289 EUR
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This Neuronal PAS1 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Neuronal PAS1 at AA range: 420-500
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ABP55411-02ml	Abbkine	0.2ml	414 EUR
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This Neuronal PAS1 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Neuronal PAS1 at AA range: 420-500
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx002200	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 592.00 EUR 182.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 20 ul 50 ul
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101717	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1149.00 EUR 565.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101718	Abbexa	425.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1177.00 EUR 578.00 EUR 328.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101719	Abbexa	425.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1177.00 EUR 578.00 EUR 328.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101720	Abbexa	425.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1177.00 EUR 578.00 EUR 328.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101721	Abbexa	439.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1247.00 EUR 592.00 EUR 328.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Neuronal Specific Enolase (Recombinant)
20-abx073283	Abbexa	3418.00 EUR 328.00 EUR 230.00 EUR	1 mg 25 ug 5 ug
Neuronal Specific Enolase Enzyme
20-abx073672	Abbexa	328.00 EUR 6341.00 EUR 230.00 EUR	10 ug 1 mg 2 µg
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
abx146155-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	391 EUR
Neuronal Specific Enolase Antibody
20-abx137335	Abbexa	704.00 EUR 328.00 EUR 230.00 EUR	100 ug 20 ug 5 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
abx015808-100ul	Abbexa	100 ul	411 EUR
Non-Neuronal Enolase Antibody
abx020643-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	815 EUR
neuronal pentraxin 1 Antibody
abx433029-200ul	Abbexa	200 ul	384 EUR
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx214339	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 300.00 EUR	100 ul 50 ul
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx171504	Abbexa	815.00 EUR 425.00 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx329244	Abbexa	314.00 EUR 244.00 EUR	100 ug 50 ug
Anti-Neuronal PAS1 antibody
STJ94436	St John's Laboratory	200 µl	197 EUR
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to Neuronal PAS1.
DiscoveryProbe? Neuronal Signaling Library
L1026-.1	ApexBio	100 uL/well(10 mM solution)	4968 EUR
DiscoveryProbe? Neuronal Signaling Library
L1026-.25	ApexBio	250 uL/well(10 mM solution)	8866 EUR
DiscoveryProbe? Neuronal Signaling Library
L1026-5	ApexBio	5 mg/well	11534 EUR
Non Neuronal Enolase antibody
10R-8640	Fitzgerald	100 ul	393 EUR
Description: Mouse monoclonal Non Neuronal Enolase antibody
Non Neuronal Enolase antibody
10R-8641	Fitzgerald	100 ul	393 EUR
Description: Mouse monoclonal Non Neuronal Enolase antibody
neuronal pentraxin 1 Peptide
43-393P	ProSci	0.1 mg	338 EUR
Recombinant Neuronal Pentraxin I (NPTX1)
4-RPA298Hu01	Cloud-Clone	521.12 EUR 242.00 EUR 1679.20 EUR 626.40 EUR 1152.80 EUR 412.00 EUR 4048.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Neuronal Pentraxin I expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Neuronal Pentraxin I (NPTX1)
4-RPA298Mu01	Cloud-Clone	530.08 EUR 245.00 EUR 1712.80 EUR 637.60 EUR 1175.20 EUR 418.00 EUR 4132.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Neuronal Pentraxin I expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Neuronal Pentraxin II (NPTX2)
4-RPA299Hu01	Cloud-Clone	470.94 EUR 229.00 EUR 1491.04 EUR 563.68 EUR 1027.36 EUR 378.00 EUR 3577.60 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Neuronal Pentraxin II expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE)
4-RPB449Bo01	Cloud-Clone	476.32 EUR 230.00 EUR 1511.20 EUR 570.40 EUR 1040.80 EUR 382.00 EUR 3628.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Bovine Enolase, Non Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE)
4-RPB449Hu01	Cloud-Clone	476.32 EUR 230.00 EUR 1511.20 EUR 570.40 EUR 1040.80 EUR 382.00 EUR 3628.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Enolase, Non Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE)
4-RPB449Hu02	Cloud-Clone	476.32 EUR 230.00 EUR 1511.20 EUR 570.40 EUR 1040.80 EUR 382.00 EUR 3628.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Enolase, Non Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE)
4-RPB449Hu03	Cloud-Clone	476.32 EUR 230.00 EUR 1511.20 EUR 570.40 EUR 1040.80 EUR 382.00 EUR 3628.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Enolase, Non Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE)
4-RPB449Mu01	Cloud-Clone	413.60 EUR 214.00 EUR 1276.00 EUR 492.00 EUR 884.00 EUR 340.00 EUR 3040.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Enolase, Non Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Anti-nNOS (neuronal)/NOS1 Antibody
PA1329	BosterBio	100ug/vial	334 EUR
nNOS (Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase)
RA19011	Neuromics	100 uL	376 EUR
Anti-nNOS (neuronal)/NOS1 Antibody
A01070	BosterBio	100ug/vial	294 EUR
Neuronal Pentraxin-2 (NPTX2) Antibody
20-abx126271	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 592.00 EUR 182.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 20 ul 50 ul
Neuronal Pentraxin II (NPTX2) Antibody
20-abx128686	Abbexa	398.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1107.00 EUR 537.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Tropomodulin 2 (Neuronal) (TMOD2) Antibody
20-abx116304	Abbexa	732.00 EUR 398.00 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Neuronal Pentraxin I (NPTX1) Antibody
20-abx114084	Abbexa	732.00 EUR 398.00 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Neuronal Pentraxin-2 (NPTX2) Antibody
20-abx123794	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 592.00 EUR	100 ul 200 ul
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102014	Abbexa	467.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1358.00 EUR 648.00 EUR 356.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102015	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1149.00 EUR 565.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102016	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1149.00 EUR 565.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102017	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1149.00 EUR 565.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102018	Abbexa	425.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1177.00 EUR 578.00 EUR 328.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Neuronal Pentraxin I (NPTX1) Antibody
20-abx102176	Abbexa	398.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1107.00 EUR 537.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Neuronal Pentraxin I (NPTX1) Antibody
20-abx102177	Abbexa	411.00 EUR 133.00 EUR 1135.00 EUR 551.00 EUR 314.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Human Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Protein
20-abx065643	Abbexa	648.00 EUR 272.00 EUR 1998.00 EUR 773.00 EUR 467.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug

Abnormal amygdala subregional-sensorimotor connectivity correlates with positive symptom in schizophrenia.

Altered resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the amygdala has been demonstrated to be implicated in schizophrenia neuronal pathophysiology. However, whether rsFC of amygdala subregions is differentially affected in schizophrenia remains unclear.

This study compared the functional networks of each amygdala subdivision between healthy controls (HC) and patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES). In total, 47 HC and 78 patients with FES underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The amygdala was divided into the following three subregions using the Juelich histological atlas: basolateral amygdala (BLA), centromedial amygdala (CMA), and superficial amygdala (SFA). The rsFC of the three amygdala subdivisions was computed and compared between the two groups. Significantly increased rsFC of the right CMA with the right postcentral gyrus and decreased rsFC of the right BLA with the left precentral gyrus were observed in the FES group compared with the HC group. Notably, the right BLA-left precentral gyrus connectivity was negatively correlated with positive symptoms and conceptual disorganization in patients with FES.

In conclusion, this study found that patients with FES had abnormal functional connectivity in the amygdala subregions, and the altered rsFC was associated with positive symptoms. The present findings demonstrate the disruptive rsFC patterns of amygdala subregional-sensorimotor networks in FES and may provide new insights into the neuronal pathophysiology of FES.
Time courses of HMGB1 and other inflammatory markers after generalized convulsive seizures.

Neuroinflammation and disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) are important players in epileptogenesis, ictogenesis and pharmacoresistance.

In this context, we investigated blood levels of HMGB1 and other inflammatory and BBB markers after generalized and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures in serum, summarized under the term generalized convulsive seizures (GCS).We included consenting adults who were admitted to the epilepsy monitoring unit. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and immediately after a GCS as well as after 2, 6 and 24 h. We measu