The protective effect of metformin on mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic mice brain.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder associated with mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction and oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes-associated neurological complications remain elusive. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of metformin (MF) on regulatory networks and integrated stress responses in brain tissue of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with MF (20 mg/kg BW), and whole brain tissue was harvested for further analysis. Protein carbonylation was measured as a marker of neuronal oxidative stress. Protein expression of mt chaperones, maintenance proteins, and regulators of the unfolded protein response (UPR) were measured by Western blot. Transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme GSTA4; mt biogenesis markers, ER stress regulators, and miR-132 and miR-148a were analysed using qPCR.

The results showed that MF efficiently reduced protein carbonylation and oxidation. Mt function was improved by MF-treatment through upregulation of chaperone proteins (HSP60, HSP70 and LonP1). MF elicits the UPR to attenuate ER stress through a miR-132 repression mechanism. Additionally, MF was found to elevate deacetylases- Sirt1, Sirt3; and mt biogenesis marker PGC-1α through miR-148a repression. This is the first study to demonstrate the epigenetic regulation of mt maintenance by MF in diabetic C57BL/6 mouse whole brain tissue. We thus conclude that MF, beyond its anti-hyperglycaemic role, mediates neuroprotection through epigenomic and integrated stress responses in diabetic mice.

Non Neuronal Enolase antibody
10R-8641	Fitzgerald	100 ul	471.6 EUR
Description: Mouse monoclonal Non Neuronal Enolase antibody
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ABP55411-003ml	Abbkine	0.03ml	189.6 EUR
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This Neuronal PAS1 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Neuronal PAS1 at AA range: 420-500
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ABP55411-01ml	Abbkine	0.1ml	346.8 EUR
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This Neuronal PAS1 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Neuronal PAS1 at AA range: 420-500
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ABP55411-02ml	Abbkine	0.2ml	496.8 EUR
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This Neuronal PAS1 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Neuronal PAS1 at AA range: 420-500
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx171504	Abbexa	978.00 EUR 510.00 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Neuronal Specific Enolase Antibody
20-abx137335	Abbexa	844.80 EUR 393.60 EUR 276.00 EUR	100 ug 20 ug 5 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
abx146155-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	469.2 EUR
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101717	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1378.80 EUR 678.00 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101718	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 159.60 EUR 1412.40 EUR 693.60 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101719	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 159.60 EUR 1412.40 EUR 693.60 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101720	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 159.60 EUR 1412.40 EUR 693.60 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx101721	Abbexa	526.80 EUR 159.60 EUR 1496.40 EUR 710.40 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Neuronal Specific Enolase (Recombinant)
20-abx073283	Abbexa	4101.60 EUR 393.60 EUR 276.00 EUR	1 mg 25 ug 5 ug
Neuronal Specific Enolase Enzyme
20-abx073672	Abbexa	393.60 EUR 7609.20 EUR 276.00 EUR	10 ug 1 mg 2 µg
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx002200	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 710.40 EUR 218.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 20 ul 50 ul
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx125650	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 710.40 EUR 218.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 20 ul 50 ul
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx130190	Abbexa	526.80 EUR 159.60 EUR 1496.40 EUR 710.40 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx130191	Abbexa	526.80 EUR 159.60 EUR 1496.40 EUR 710.40 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx119088	Abbexa	376.80 EUR 117.60 EUR 477.60 EUR 594.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 200 ug 300 µg
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx128572	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1378.80 EUR 678.00 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx111293	Abbexa	878.40 EUR 477.60 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Neuronal Pentraxin Ii Antibody
20-abx114085	Abbexa	878.40 EUR 477.60 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
abx015808-100ul	Abbexa	100 ul	493.2 EUR
Non-Neuronal Enolase Antibody
abx020643-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	978 EUR
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx329244	Abbexa	376.80 EUR 292.80 EUR	100 ug 50 ug
neuronal pentraxin 1 Antibody
abx433029-200ul	Abbexa	200 ul	460.8 EUR
Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Antibody
20-abx214339	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ul 50 ul
DiscoveryProbe? Neuronal Signaling Library
L1026-.1	ApexBio	100 uL/well(10 mM solution)	5961.6 EUR
DiscoveryProbe? Neuronal Signaling Library
L1026-.25	ApexBio	250 uL/well(10 mM solution)	10639.2 EUR
DiscoveryProbe? Neuronal Signaling Library
L1026-5	ApexBio	5 mg/well	13840.8 EUR
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ES6410-100ul	ELK Biotech	100ul	334.8 EUR
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, WB, ELISA
Neuronal PAS1 Polyclonal Antibody
ES6410-50ul	ELK Biotech	50ul	248.4 EUR
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against Neuronal PAS1 from Human. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, WB, ELISA
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Hu01	Cloud-Clone	560.83 EUR 273.60 EUR 1773.12 EUR 671.04 EUR 1222.08 EUR 451.20 EUR 4252.80 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Hu02	Cloud-Clone	560.83 EUR 273.60 EUR 1773.12 EUR 671.04 EUR 1222.08 EUR 451.20 EUR 4252.80 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Mu01	Cloud-Clone	567.29 EUR 274.80 EUR 1797.31 EUR 679.10 EUR 1238.21 EUR 454.80 EUR 4313.28 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Mu02	Cloud-Clone	567.29 EUR 274.80 EUR 1797.31 EUR 679.10 EUR 1238.21 EUR 454.80 EUR 4313.28 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Ra01	Cloud-Clone	603.84 EUR 285.60 EUR 1934.40 EUR 724.80 EUR 1329.60 EUR 480.00 EUR 4656.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Ra02	Cloud-Clone	603.84 EUR 285.60 EUR 1934.40 EUR 724.80 EUR 1329.60 EUR 480.00 EUR 4656.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2)
4-RPB481Ra03	Cloud-Clone	603.84 EUR 285.60 EUR 1934.40 EUR 724.80 EUR 1329.60 EUR 480.00 EUR 4656.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Cadherin, Neuronal expressed in: E.coli
Anti-Neuronal PAS1 antibody
STJ94436	St John's Laboratory	200 µl	236.4 EUR
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to Neuronal PAS1.
Recombinant Human Neuronal Specific Enolase
7-02716	CHI Scientific	5µg	Ask for price
Recombinant Human Neuronal Specific Enolase
7-02717	CHI Scientific	25µg	Ask for price
Recombinant Human Neuronal Specific Enolase
7-02718	CHI Scientific	1mg	Ask for price
Anti-nNOS (neuronal)/NOS1 Antibody
A01070	BosterBio	100ug/vial	352.8 EUR
Rat Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Protein
20-abx167630	Abbexa	844.80 EUR 343.20 EUR 2598.00 EUR 994.80 EUR 594.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Rat Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Protein
20-abx167631	Abbexa	844.80 EUR 343.20 EUR 2598.00 EUR 994.80 EUR 594.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Human Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Protein
20-abx065643	Abbexa	777.60 EUR 326.40 EUR 2397.60 EUR 927.60 EUR 560.40 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Mouse Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Protein
20-abx065644	Abbexa	794.40 EUR 326.40 EUR 2431.20 EUR 944.40 EUR 577.20 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Mouse Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Protein
20-abx065645	Abbexa	794.40 EUR 326.40 EUR 2431.20 EUR 944.40 EUR 577.20 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Rat Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Protein
20-abx065646	Abbexa	844.80 EUR 343.20 EUR 2598.00 EUR 994.80 EUR 594.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Human Cadherin, Neuronal (CDH2) Protein
20-abx065647	Abbexa	777.60 EUR 326.40 EUR 2397.60 EUR 927.60 EUR 560.40 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102014	Abbexa	560.40 EUR 159.60 EUR 1629.60 EUR 777.60 EUR 427.20 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102015	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1378.80 EUR 678.00 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102016	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1378.80 EUR 678.00 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102017	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1378.80 EUR 678.00 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Enolase, Non Neuronal (NNE) Antibody
20-abx102018	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 159.60 EUR 1412.40 EUR 693.60 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Neuronal Pentraxin I (NPTX1) Antibody
20-abx102176	Abbexa	477.60 EUR 159.60 EUR 1328.40 EUR 644.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Neuronal Pentraxin I (NPTX1) Antibody
20-abx102177	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1362.00 EUR 661.20 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Neuronal Differentiation 1 (NEUROD1) Antibody
20-abx001061	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 710.40 EUR 218.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 20 ul 50 ul
Neuronal Differentiation 2 (NEUROD2) Antibody
20-abx008942	Abbexa	360.00 EUR 526.80 EUR 226.80 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 30 ul
Neuronal Pentraxin-2 (NPTX2) Antibody
20-abx123794	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 710.40 EUR	100 ul 200 ul
Tropomodulin 2 (Neuronal) (TMOD2) Antibody
20-abx116304	Abbexa	878.40 EUR 477.60 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Neuronal Pentraxin-2 (NPTX2) Antibody
20-abx126271	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 710.40 EUR 218.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 20 ul 50 ul
Neuronal Pentraxin II (NPTX2) Antibody
20-abx128686	Abbexa	477.60 EUR 159.60 EUR 1328.40 EUR 644.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug

Abnormal amygdala subregional-sensorimotor connectivity correlates with positive symptom in schizophrenia.

Altered resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the amygdala has been demonstrated to be implicated in schizophrenia neuronal pathophysiology. However, whether rsFC of amygdala subregions is differentially affected in schizophrenia remains unclear.

This study compared the functional networks of each amygdala subdivision between healthy controls (HC) and patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES). In total, 47 HC and 78 patients with FES underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The amygdala was divided into the following three subregions using the Juelich histological atlas: basolateral amygdala (BLA), centromedial amygdala (CMA), and superficial amygdala (SFA). The rsFC of the three amygdala subdivisions was computed and compared between the two groups. Significantly increased rsFC of the right CMA with the right postcentral gyrus and decreased rsFC of the right BLA with the left precentral gyrus were observed in the FES group compared with the HC group. Notably, the right BLA-left precentral gyrus connectivity was negatively correlated with positive symptoms and conceptual disorganization in patients with FES.

In conclusion, this study found that patients with FES had abnormal functional connectivity in the amygdala subregions, and the altered rsFC was associated with positive symptoms. The present findings demonstrate the disruptive rsFC patterns of amygdala subregional-sensorimotor networks in FES and may provide new insights into the neuronal pathophysiology of FES.
Time courses of HMGB1 and other inflammatory markers after generalized convulsive seizures.

Neuroinflammation and disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) are important players in epileptogenesis, ictogenesis and pharmacoresistance.

In this context, we investigated blood levels of HMGB1 and other inflammatory and BBB markers after generalized and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures in serum, summarized under the term generalized convulsive seizures (GCS).We included consenting adults who were admitted to the epilepsy monitoring unit. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and immediately after a GCS as well as after 2, 6 and 24 h. We measu