Selective auditory attention detection based on effective connectivity by single-trial EEG.
Focusing attention on one speaker in an environment with lots of speakers is one of the important abilities of the human auditory system. The temporal dynamics of the attention process and how the brain precisely performs this task are yet unknown. This paper proposes a new method for the selective auditory attention detection (SAAD) from single-trial EEG signals using the brain effective connectivity and complex network analysis for two groups of listeners attending to the left or right ear.Here, the connectivity matrices of all subjects obtained from the Granger causality method are used to extract different features. Then, by employing the processes of feature selection and optimization, an optimized feature set is determined for the train of a classifier.
Among different measures of brain connectivity (i.e., segregation, integration, and centrality), the evaluation results show that the optimized feature set obtained by the combination of the centrality measures contain the most discriminative features for the classification process. The proposed SAAD method as compared with state-of-the-art attention detection approaches from the literature yields the best performance in terms of various measures.The new SAAD approach is advantageous, in the sense that the detection of attention is performed from single-trial EEG signals of each subject, without reconstructing the speech stimuli. This means that the proposed method could be employed for real-time applications such as smart hearing aid devices or brain-computer interface (BCI) systems.
The protective effect of metformin on mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic mice brain.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder associated with mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction and oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes-associated neurological complications remain elusive. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of metformin (MF) on regulatory networks and integrated stress responses in brain tissue of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with MF (20 mg/kg BW), and whole brain tissue was harvested for further analysis. Protein carbonylation was measured as a marker of neuronal oxidative stress.
Protein expression of mt chaperones, maintenance proteins, and regulators of the unfolded protein response (UPR) were measured by Western blot. Transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme GSTA4; mt biogenesis markers, ER stress regulators, and miR-132 and miR-148a were analysed using qPCR. The results showed that MF efficiently reduced protein carbonylation and oxidation. Mt function was improved by MF-treatment through upregulation of chaperone proteins (HSP60, HSP70 and LonP1). MF elicits the UPR to attenuate ER stress through a miR-132 repression mechanism. Additionally, MF was found to elevate deacetylases- Sirt1, Sirt3; and mt biogenesis marker PGC-1α through miR-148a repression.
This is the first study to demonstrate the epigenetic regulation of mt maintenance by MF in diabetic C57BL/6 mouse whole brain tissue. We thus conclude that MF, beyond its anti-hyperglycaemic role, mediates neuroprotection through epigenomic and integrated stress responses in diabetic mice.
Oral glutathione administration inhibits the oxidative stress and the inflammatory responses in AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F knock-in mice.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Reduced antioxidants and increased oxidative stress and inflammation are responsible for the pathological features characteristic of an AD brain. We observed decreased levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH), the most abundant brain antioxidant, and decreased GSH/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratios in AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F knock-in (NL-G-F) mouse brains. Repeated oral GSH administration for 3 weeks dose-dependently increased GSH levels and restored the GSH/GSSH ratio. Consistent with the restoration of GSH levels, the levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a marker of oxidative stress, were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of NL-G-F mice.
Additionally, inflammatory responses, such as microgliosis and increased mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, were also inhibited. Moreover, behavioral deficits including cognitive decline, depressive-like behaviors, and anxiety-related behaviors observed in NL-G-F mice were significantly improved by oral and chronic GSH administration. Taken together, our data suggest that oral GSH administration is an attractive therapeutic strategy to reduce the excessive oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the AD brain.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide |
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| MBS352041-1Bottle | MyBiosource | 1Bottle | 250 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide |
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| MBS352041-5x1Bottle | MyBiosource | 5x1Bottle | 1040 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide |
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| MBS352043-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 410 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide |
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| MBS352043-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 1760 EUR |
Sphingomyelin (Bovine Brain) |
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| MBS393524-100mg | MyBiosource | 100mg | 375 EUR |
Sphingomyelin (Bovine Brain) |
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| MBS393524-250mg | MyBiosource | 250mg | 595 EUR |
Sphingomyelin (Bovine Brain) |
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| MBS393524-25mg | MyBiosource | 25mg | 255 EUR |
Sphingomyelin (Bovine Brain) |
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| MBS393524-5x250mg | MyBiosource | 5x250mg | 2290 EUR |
Brain neurofilament Antibody |
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| GWB-D5B302 | GenWay Biotech | 0.5 ml | Ask for price |
Rat Brain Glial Cells |
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| ABC-TC4093 | AcceGen | 1 vial | Ask for price |
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Description: Rat brain glial cells, 2-week Wistar rat |
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Rat Brain Nerve Cells |
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| ABC-TC4097 | AcceGen | 1 vial | Ask for price |
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Description: Rat brain nerve cells, 3-week Wistar rat |
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Dog Brain Genomic DNA |
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| DG-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 210 EUR |
Human Brain Total RNA |
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| HR-201 | Zyagen | 0.05mg | 172 EUR |
Cat Brain Genomic DNA |
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| FG-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 210 EUR |
Pig Brain Genomic DNA |
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| PG-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 177 EUR |
Rat Brain Genomic DNA |
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| RG-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 177 EUR |
Brain Heart Infus 500gm |
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| 211065 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 201.78 EUR |
Bovine Brain Stem cDNA* |
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| BD-215 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 280 EUR |
Whole Rat Brain Holder |
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| LBC12007 | Westburg | each | 692.15 EUR |
Rat Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS135583-02mg | MyBiosource | 0.2mg | 250 EUR |
Rat Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS135583-04mg | MyBiosource | 0.4mg | 310 EUR |
Human Brain Genomic DNA |
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| HG-201 | Zyagen | 0.05mg | 210 EUR |
Equine Brain, whole cDNA |
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| ED-201 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 319 EUR |
Brain Knife L381mm - EACH |
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| INS6178 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 189 EUR |
Brain Knife L254mm - EACH |
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| INS6180 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 180.9 EUR |
Rat Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| LYSATE0002 | BosterBio | 200ug | 180 EUR |
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Description: This cell lysate is prepared from Rat Brain Tissue using Boster's RIPA Lysis Buffer (AR0105) using a standard whole cell lysate protocol. The concentration was determined using the BCA assay process and then diluted using Dithiothreitol (DTT) and a reducing SDS sample loading buffer, heated for 5 minutes at 100˚C. |
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Mouse Brain Genomic DNA |
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| MG-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 177 EUR |
Pig Brain, Striatum cDNA* |
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| PD-214 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 243 EUR |
Sheep Brain Genomic DNA |
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| SG-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 177 EUR |
Rabbit Brain, whole cDNA |
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| TD-201 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 243 EUR |
Human Brain Genomic DNA |
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| X11001 | EpiGentek |
|
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Fetal Brain Stem Lysate |
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| XBL-10132 | ProSci | 0.1 mg | 500.1 EUR |
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Description: Fetal human brain stem tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization using a proprietary technique. The tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The fetal human brain stem tissue total protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, Sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the brain stem tissue pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The brain stem tissue is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody, and the expression level is consistent with each lot. |
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Brain Tissue Slide (Tumor) |
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| 10-302-10um | ProSci | 10 um | 241.8 EUR |
Brain Tissue Slide (Tumor) |
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| 10-302-4um | ProSci | 4 um | 216.6 EUR |
Rat Brain Cortex Neurons |
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| ABC-TC4091 | AcceGen | 1 vial | Ask for price |
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Description: Rat Brain Cortex Neurons from rat (E18, 19) brain are cell suspensions of high quality primary embryonic brain neuronal cells (including glia) prepared by standardized methods, and are ready for immediate culture. |
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Dog Brain, Cerebellum RNA |
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| DR-202 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 195 EUR |
Bovine Brain Genomic DNA |
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| BG-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 177 EUR |
Chicken Brain, Whole cDNA |
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| CD-201 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 243 EUR |
Human Brain Tumor lysate |
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| HTL-1322 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 mg | 927.6 EUR |
Brain tumor tissue array |
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| GL803d | TissueArray | each | 306 EUR |
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Description: Brain tumor tissue array,including astrocytoma, glioblastoma,oligoastrocytomas,oligodendroglioma,medulloblastoma and ependymoma,80 cases/80 cores (core size 1.5mm), replacing GL803c |
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Brain tumor tissue array |
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| GL2083c | TissueArray | each | 546 EUR |
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Description: Brain tumor tissue array, including pathology grade, 192 cases/192 cores (core size 1.0mm), replacing GL2083b |
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Brain tumor tissue array |
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| GL242a | TissueArray | each | 270 EUR |
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Description: Brain tumor tissue array, with normal tissue, 2 serial sections, 24 cases/48 cores replacing GL242 |
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Brain tumor tissue array |
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| GL243 | TissueArray | each | 198 EUR |
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Description: Brain tumor tissue array, including pathology grade, 24 cases/24 cores |
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Equine Brain Genomic DNA |
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| GE-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 210 EUR |
Mouse Brain Slice Holder |
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| LBC12004 | Westburg | each | 686.7 EUR |
Brain Tissue Slide (Tumor) |
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| MBS154347-10um | MyBiosource | 10um | 210 EUR |
Brain Tissue Slide (Tumor) |
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| MBS154347-4um | MyBiosource | 4um | 195 EUR |
Brain Tissue Slide (Tumor) |
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| MBS154347-5x10um | MyBiosource | 5x10um | 920 EUR |
OORA00527-1U - Rat BRAIN |
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| OORA00527-1U | Aviva Systems Biology | 1Each | 60 EUR |
OORA00528-1U - Rat BRAIN |
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| OORA00528-1U | Aviva Systems Biology | 1Each | 80 EUR |
Brain tumor tissue array |
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| T176a | TissueArray | each | 48 EUR |
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Description: Brain tumor tissue array, including pathology grade, 6 cases/24 cores, replacing T176 |
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Rabbit Brain Genomic DNA |
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| TG-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 177 EUR |
Monkey Brain, cDNA, Rhesus |
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| UD-201 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 316 EUR |
Brain Tissue Slide (Normal) |
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| 10-301-10um | ProSci | 10 um | 241.8 EUR |
Brain Tissue Slide (Normal) |
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| 10-301-4um | ProSci | 4 um | 216.6 EUR |
Mouse Brain antibody (FITC) |
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| 60R-BR001FT | Fitzgerald | 2 mg | 439 EUR |
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Description: Rabbit polyclonal Mouse Brain antibody (FITC) conjugated |
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Mouse Brain antibody (FITC) |
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| 60R-BR002FT | Fitzgerald | 2 mg | 439 EUR |
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Description: Rabbit polyclonal Mouse Brain antibody (FITC) conjugated |
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Human Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| 30R-AB017 | Fitzgerald | 150 ug | 276 EUR |
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Description: Fresh tissue lysate isolated from human brain |
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Brain Tissue Lysate (Tumor) |
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| 1732-01 | ProSci | 0.1 mg | 336.3 EUR |
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Description: Brain tumor lysate was prepared by homogenization in lysis buffer (10 mM HEPES pH7.9, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 10 mM KCl, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 10% glycerol, 1% NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors). Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 5% β-mercaptoethanol. |
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Brain Tissue Lysate (Tumor) |
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| 1732-02 | ProSci | 0.1 mg | 336.3 EUR |
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Description: Brain tumor lysate was prepared by homogenization in lysis buffer (10 mM HEPES pH7.9, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 10 mM KCl, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 10% glycerol, 1% NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors). Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 5% β-mercaptoethanol. |
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Brain Tissue Lysate (Tumor) |
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| 1732-03 | ProSci | 0.1 mg | 336.3 EUR |
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Description: Brain tumor lysate was prepared by homogenization in lysis buffer (10 mM HEPES pH7.9, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 10 mM KCl, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 10% glycerol, 1% NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors). Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 5% β-mercaptoethanol. |
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BRAIN HEART INFUSION AGAR |
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| B02-112-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | 1496.4 EUR |
BRAIN HEART INFUSION AGAR |
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| B02-112-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | 372 EUR |
BRAIN HEART INFUSION AGAR |
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| B02-112-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | 145.2 EUR |
Normal brain tissue array |
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| BNC17011a | TissueArray | each | 306 EUR |
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Description: Normal brain tissue array, 25 cases/ 80 cores, replaced by BNC17011b |
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Dog Brain, Cerebellum cDNA |
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| DD-202 | Zyagen | 30 Reactions | 280 EUR |
Human Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| IHUBRTL100UG | Innovative research | each | 361 EUR |
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Description: Human Brain Tissue Lysate |
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Human Brain Total Protein |
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| HT-201 | Zyagen | 1mg | 176 EUR |
Brain Heart Infusion Agar |
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| HY-157375 | MedChemExpress | Get quote | Ask for price |
|
Description: Brain Heart Infusion Agar is growth medium for the cultivation of a wide variety of microorganisms[1]. |
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Chicken Brain Genomic DNA |
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| GC-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 177 EUR |
Hamster Brain Genomic DNA |
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| GA-201 | Zyagen | 0.1mg | 177 EUR |
Cat Brain, Cerebellum cDNA |
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| FD-202 | Zyagen | 30 Reactions | 280 EUR |
Mouse Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| IMSBRTL100UG | Innovative research | each | 245 EUR |
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Description: Mouse Brain Tissue Lysate |
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Mouse Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| LYSATE0012 | BosterBio | 200ug | 180 EUR |
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Description: This cell lysate is prepared from mouse brain tissue using Boster's RIPA Lysis Buffer (AR0105) using a standard whole cell lysate protocol. The concentration was determined using the BCA assay process and then diluted using Dithiothreitol (DTT) and a reducing SDS sample loading buffer, heated for 5 minutes at 100˚C. |
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Brain Tissue Slide (Normal) |
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| MBS154323-10um | MyBiosource | 10um | 210 EUR |
Brain Tissue Slide (Normal) |
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| MBS154323-4um | MyBiosource | 4um | 195 EUR |
Brain Tissue Slide (Normal) |
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| MBS154323-5x10um | MyBiosource | 5x10um | 920 EUR |
Human Brain Tissue Lysate |
|||
| MBS138087-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | 525 EUR |
Human Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS138087-5x01mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mg | 2180 EUR |
Mouse Brain antibody (FITC) |
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| MBS534763-2mg | MyBiosource | 2mg | 730 EUR |
Mouse Brain antibody (FITC) |
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| MBS534763-5x2mg | MyBiosource | 5x2mg | 3125 EUR |
Mouse Brain antibody (FITC) |
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| MBS535405-2mg | MyBiosource | 2mg | 730 EUR |
Mouse Brain antibody (FITC) |
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| MBS535405-5x2mg | MyBiosource | 5x2mg | 3125 EUR |
Human Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS537313-015mg | MyBiosource | 0.15mg | 495 EUR |
Human Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS537313-5x015mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.15mg | 2080 EUR |
Mouse Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS8420394-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | 385 EUR |
Mouse Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS8420394-5x01mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mg | 1540 EUR |
OORA00527-1EA - Rat BRAIN |
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| OORA00527-1EA | Aviva Systems Biology | 1Each | 59 EUR |
OORA00528-1EA - Rat BRAIN |
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| OORA00528-1EA | Aviva Systems Biology | 1Each | 79 EUR |
Pig Brain, Cerebellum cDNA |
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| PD-202 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 243 EUR |
Rat Brain Striatum Neurons |
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| ABC-TC4099 | AcceGen | 1 vial | Ask for price |
|
Description: Rat Brain Striatum Neurons from rat (E18, 19) brain are cell suspensions of high quality primary embryonic brain neuronal cells (including glia) prepared by standardized methods, and are ready for immediate culture. |
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Brain Tissue Lysate (Normal) |
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| 1731-01 | ProSci | 0.1 mg | 260.7 EUR |
|
Description: Brain tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 5% β-mercaptoethanol. |
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Brain Tissue Lysate (Normal) |
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| 1731-02 | ProSci | 0.1 mg | 260.7 EUR |
|
Description: Brain tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 5% β-mercaptoethanol. |
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Brain Tissue Lysate (Normal) |
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| 1731-03 | ProSci | 0.1 mg | 260.7 EUR |
|
Description: Brain tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 5% β-mercaptoethanol. |
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Spectrin alpha chain, brain |
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| AP78470 | SAB | 1mg | 2640 EUR |
BRAIN HEART INFUSION BROTH |
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| B02-113-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | 1466.4 EUR |
BRAIN HEART INFUSION BROTH |
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| B02-113-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | 366 EUR |
BRAIN HEART INFUSION BROTH |
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| B02-113-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | 142.8 EUR |
Bovine Brain, Striatum cDNA* |
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| BD-214 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 280 EUR |
Spectrin alpha chain, brain |
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| AP87793 | SAB | 1mg | 2640 EUR |
Spectrin alpha chain, brain |
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| AP87851 | SAB | 1mg | 2640 EUR |
Spectrin alpha chain, brain |
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| AP88414 | SAB | 1mg | 2640 EUR |
Dog Brain, Hippocampus cDNA* |
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| DD-203 | Zyagen | 30 Reactions | 319 EUR |
cDNA - Liver Cirrhosis: Brain |
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| C1236035Lcs | Biochain | 40 reactions | 600.6 EUR |
Bovine Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS136214-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | 745 EUR |
Bovine Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS136214-5x01mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mg | 3165 EUR |
RFP- Human Brain Astrocytes |
|||
| HBMP203 | Alphabioregen | 1ml frozen Vial | 850 EUR |
Bovine Brain Tissue Lysate |
|||
| IBOBRTL100UG | Innovative research | each | 541 EUR |
|
Description: Bovine Brain Tissue Lysate |
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Rabbit Brain Tissue Lysate |
|||
| IRBBRTL100UG | Innovative research | each | 541 EUR |
|
Description: Rabbit Brain Tissue Lysate |
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Human Brain Astrocytes (HBA) |
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| HMP202 | Neuromics | 500,000+ cells - Frozen | 1022.76 EUR |
Brain Heart Infusion Broth |
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| HY-157355 | MedChemExpress | Get quote | Ask for price |
|
Description: Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) is suitable for microbiological culture (For example: Anopheles arabiensis). |
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Cat Brain, Hippocampus cDNA |
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| FD-203 | Zyagen | 30 Reactions | 319 EUR |
Brain Peptide (Bees) Library |
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| L-007 | PHOENIX PEPTIDE | 51 peptides | 6456.24 EUR |
Human Brain Astrocytes (HBA) |
|||
| MBS556034-INQUIRE | MyBiosource | INQUIRE | Ask for price |
Human Brain Astrocytes (HBA) |
|||
| MBS556035-INQUIRE | MyBiosource | INQUIRE | Ask for price |
Rabbit Brain Tissue Lysate |
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| MBS8421240-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | 745 EUR |
Rabbit Brain Tissue Lysate |
|||
| MBS8421240-5x01mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mg | 3165 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (HRP) |
|||
| MBS6250345-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1(mL | 1010 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (HRP) |
|||
| MBS6250345-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 4405 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (FITC) |
|||
| MBS6249443-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1(mL | 1010 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (FITC) |
|||
| MBS6249443-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 4405 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (PE) |
|||
| MBS6251372-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1(mL | 1010 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (PE) |
|||
| MBS6251372-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 4405 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (AP) |
|||
| MBS6247405-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1(mL | 1010 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (AP) |
|||
| MBS6247405-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 4405 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (APC) |
|||
| MBS6268263-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 1010 EUR |
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Brain Natriuretic Peptide 32, BNP 32, Gamma Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Natriuretic Peptide Brain Type, Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B, Natriuretic Peptides B, NPPB Protein) (APC) |
|||
| MBS6268263-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 4405 EUR |
BOVINE, BRAIN, STRIPPED, FRESH |
|||
| 8600806 | Lampire Biologicals Laboratories | 1EA | 206.18 EUR |
Human Brain Astrocyte Cells |
|||
| ABC-TC3522 | AcceGen | 1 vial | Ask for price |
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Description: Human Brain Astrocyte Cells were initiated by elutriation of dispase dissociated normal human brain cortex tissue. Astrocytes represent the most numerous microglial cell population in the cortical brain: the name "Astrocyte" derives from the stellate morphology of the cells in vivo. Astrocyte cells may be involved in extracellular ionic regulation, response to injury, and interact with pericyte cells and with donor-paired microvascular endothelial cells. Primary Human Brain Astrocyte Cells have their origin in the same donor tissue as Primary Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells.These cells were originated using Complete Serum-Free Medium Kit With AcceSup™, are available at <12 Cumulative Population Doublings (CPD) in vitro [Passage 3] and were cryopreserved in aliquots of ~1.5×10^6 cells. This vial will initiate a Passage 4 cell culture in a 75cm2 flask. |
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Rat Brain Cortex Astrocytes |
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| ABC-TC4090 | AcceGen | 1 vial | Ask for price |
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Description: Rat Brain Cortex Astrocytes are obtained from rat brain, passaged once and prepared as cell suspensions for shipment on dry ice. Each vial contains approximately 1 million cells. Astrocytes can be easily thawed and cultured. |
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RFP-Human Brain Astrocyte |
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| ABC-FC0039 | AcceGen | 1 vial | Ask for price |
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Description: HBAs are isolated from normal human brain cortical tissue. RFP-HBAs are selected from Zeocin resistant HBAs after infected with RFP expressing lentiviral particles. The cells are shipped in frozen vials (the cells are provided @ passage 3). Astrocytes Growth Medium is recommended for cell culture and these cells have a minimum average population doubling levels 8 when cultured following the detailed protocol described below. |
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Nitric oxide synthase, brain |
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| AP78598 | SAB | 1mg | 2640 EUR |
Nitric oxide synthase, brain |
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| AP85931 | SAB | 1mg | 2640 EUR |
BRAIN HEART INFUSION SOLIDS |
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| B02-129-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | 1203.6 EUR |
BRAIN HEART INFUSION SOLIDS |
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| B02-129-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | 308.4 EUR |
BRAIN HEART INFUSION SOLIDS |
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| B02-129-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | 124.8 EUR |
Nitric oxide synthase, brain |
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| AP86013 | SAB | 1mg | 2640 EUR |
Dog Brain, Hypothalamus cDNA* |
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| DD-204 | Zyagen | 30 Reactions | 319 EUR |
Human Brain Astrocyte Cells |
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| CSC-C4572X | Creative Bioarray | One Frozen vial | Ask for price |
Human Brain Microglia Cells |
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| cAP-0040 | Angio Proteomie | 1Frozen Vial | 742.5 EUR |
Cat Brain, Hypothalamus cDNA |
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| FD-204 | Zyagen | 30 Reactions | 319 EUR |
Tubulin (Bovine Brain) Lysate |
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| MBS474146-01mL | MyBiosource | 0.1mL | 200 EUR |
Tubulin (Bovine Brain) Lysate |
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| MBS474146-5x01mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mL | 740 EUR |
MiniPig Brain, Striatum cDNA |
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| ND-214 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 446 EUR |
OORA00473-10U - MOUSE BRAIN |
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| OORA00473-10U | Aviva Systems Biology | 1Each | 55 EUR |
OORA00473-1EA - MOUSE BRAIN |
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| OORA00473-1EA | Aviva Systems Biology | 1Each | 59 EUR |
OORA00497-1U - Rabbit BRAIN |
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| OORA00497-1U | Aviva Systems Biology | 1Each | 255 EUR |
OORA00498-1U - Rabbit BRAIN |
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| OORA00498-1U | Aviva Systems Biology | 1Each | 255 EUR |
OORA00499-1U - Rabbit BRAIN |
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| OORA00499-1U | Aviva Systems Biology | 1Each | 270 EUR |
Pig Brain, Hypothalamus cDNA* |
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| PD-204 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 280 EUR |
Rabbit brain acetone powder |
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| RM3707-10G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | 288.62 EUR |
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Description: Rabbit brain acetone powder |
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Sheep Brain, Cerebellum cDNA |
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| SD-202 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 243 EUR |
Mouse Brain Nuclear Extract |
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| X12007 | EpiGentek | 500 µg | Ask for price |
Brain Membrane Tumor Lysate |
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| XBL-10257 | ProSci | 0.1 mg | 1023 EUR |
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Description: Human brain tissue membrane protein lysate was prepared by isolating the membrane protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. The human brain tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The membrane protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the isolated brain tissue membrane protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The isolated brain tissue membrane protein is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody to confirm there is no signal or very weak signal. |
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PORCINE, BRAIN, STRIPPED, FRESH |
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| 8604906 | Lampire Biologicals Laboratories | 1EA | 191.54 EUR |
BOVINE, BRAIN, STRIPPED, FROZEN |
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| 8620806 | Lampire Biologicals Laboratories | 1EA | 206.18 EUR |
GFP-Human Brain Astrocytes |
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| ABC-FC0038 | AcceGen | 1 vial | Ask for price |
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Description: HBAs are isolated from normal human brain cortical tissue. GFP-HBAs are selected from puromycin resistant HBAs after infected with GFP Expressing lentiviral particles. The cells are shipped in frozen vials (the cells are provided @ passage 3). Astrocytes Growth Medium is recommended for cell culture and these cells have a minimum average population doubling levels 8 when cultured following the detailed protocol described below. |
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Calmodulin from Bovine Brain |
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| 22060022-1 | Bio-WORLD | 0.5 mg | 125.46 EUR |
Calmodulin from Bovine Brain |
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| 22060022-2 | Bio-WORLD | 1 mg | 226.6 EUR |
Calmodulin from Bovine Brain |
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| 22060022-3 | Bio-WORLD | 5 mg | 807.99 EUR |
Bovine Brain, Cerebellum cDNA |
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| BD-202 | Zyagen | 30 reactions | 243 EUR |
cDNA - Alzheimer's Disease: Brain |
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| C1236035Alz | Biochain | 40 reactions | 600.6 EUR |
cDNA - Parkinson's Disease: Brain |
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| C1236035Par | Biochain | 40 reactions | 600.6 EUR |
Rat Brain Lyophilized Powder |
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| MBS135944-1g | MyBiosource | 1g | 220 EUR |
Screening and Treatment of Obstetric Anemia: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines
Iron deficiency is a major cause of anemia.1 Other causes of anemia include deficiency in nutrients (e.g., vitamin B12 and folate), inflammation, parasitic infections and disorders in hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis or red blood cell production and survival (e.g., hemoglobinopathies).
1 Iron deficiency anemia is defined as blood Hb concentrations of less than 110 g/L in the first trimester, less than 105 g/L in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and less than 100 g/L postpartum.
2 The serum ferritin level provides information about the capacity of the body to reserve iron and its concentration of less than 15 µg/L (a cut off that is associated with higher specificity) during pregnancy is diagnostic of iron deficiency anemia.
2,3 A level of less than 30 µg/L of ferritin (a cut off that is associated with higher sensitivity) should prompt treatment.
2,3 However, serum ferritin measurement may not be accurate during infection or inflammation, as it can be normal or elevated despite a low Hb concentration.
1 Iron deficiency in pregnancy has significant negative effects on both maternal and fetal outcomes, including low birthweight, prematurity, perinatal mortality, increased risk of maternal infections and lowered tolerance to blood loss and infection.1 It also affects immediate and long term neurodevelopment of infants.
4 It was found that low maternal iron intake is associated with increased risk of autism, schizophrenia and abnormal brain structure in the offspring.
4 A review reported that findings from several cross-sectional studies suggested that the prevalence of iron deficiency among pregnant Canadians and pregnant adolescents ranged from 3% to 66%.5 Given the negative impacts of iron deficiency on maternal and child health, there is still uncertainty as whether screening of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy should be part of routine care, and which type of testing (e.g., Hb or ferritin) is more effective to improve maternal and infant health outcomes. The aim of this report is to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening obstetric iron deficiency in the first or second trimester using ferritin testing, and to review evidence-based guidelines for assessing and treating obstetric iron deficiency.
In this report, gender-neutral language has been used where possible in order to be inclusive of all gender identities. When reporting results from the published manuscript, gender-neutral language was not used in order to be consistent with the terms used in the source material.
The Architecture of the Human Fovea
We summarize the development, structure, different neural types and neural circuitry in the human fovea. The foveal pit is devoid of rod photoreceptors and of secondary and tertiary neurons, allowing light to directly stimulate cones and give us maximal visual acuity. The circuitry underlying the transmission to the brain occurs at the rim of the fovea. The predominant circuitry is concerned with the ‘private’ cone to midget bipolar cell and midget ganglion cell pathways.
Every cone drives two midget bipolar cells and two midget ganglion cells so that the message from a single cone is provided to the brain as a contrast between lighter signals (ON pathways) or darker signals (OFF pathways). The sharpening of this contrast message is provided by horizontal-cell feedback circuits and, in some pathways by amacrine circuitry. These midget pathways carry a concentric color and spatially opponent message from red and green cones. Blue cones are sparse, even largely missing in the foveal center while occurring at somewhat higher density than elsewhere in the cone mosaic of the foveal slope. Signals from blue cones have different pathways to ganglion cells. The best understood is through an ON-type blue-cone-selecting bipolar cell to a non-midget, small bistratified ganglion cell.
An OFF-center blue midget bipolar is known to be present in the fovea and connects to a blue OFF midget ganglion cell. Another OFF blue message is sent to a giant melanopsin ganglion cell that is present in the foveal rim area, but the circuitry driving that is less certain and possibly involves an intermediate amacrine cell. The H2 horizontal cells are thought to be feedback neurons primarily of the blue cone system.
Amacrine cells of the fovea are mostly small-field and glycinergic. The larger field GABAergic amacrines are present but more typically surround the fovea in a ring of processes, with little or no penetration into the foveal center. Thus, the small field glycinergic amacrines are important in some sort of interplay with the midget bipolar–midget ganglion cell channels. We have anatomical descriptions of their synaptology but only a few have been recorded from physiologically. Both OFF pathway and ON pathway amacrines are present in the fovea.
Measuring water exchange across the blood-brain barrier using MRI.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the transfer of solutes and essential nutrients into the brain. Growing evidence supports BBB dysfunction in a range of acute and chronic brain diseases, justifying the need for novel research and clinical tools that can non-invasively detect, characterize, and quantify BBB dysfunction in-vivo.
Many approaches already exist for measuring BBB dysfunction in man using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (e.g. dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI measurements of gadolinium leakage).