Selective auditory attention detection based on effective connectivity by single-trial EEG.

Focusing attention on one speaker in an environment with lots of speakers is one of the important abilities of the human auditory system. The temporal dynamics of the attention process and how the brain precisely performs this task are yet unknown. This paper proposes a new method for the selective auditory attention detection (SAAD) from single-trial EEG signals using the brain effective connectivity and complex network analysis for two groups of listeners attending to the left or right ear.Here, the connectivity matrices of all subjects obtained from the Granger causality method are used to extract different features. Then, by employing the processes of feature selection and optimization, an optimized feature set is determined for the train of a classifier.

Among different measures of brain connectivity (i.e., segregation, integration, and centrality), the evaluation results show that the optimized feature set obtained by the combination of the centrality measures contain the most discriminative features for the classification process. The proposed SAAD method as compared with state-of-the-art attention detection approaches from the literature yields the best performance in terms of various measures.The new SAAD approach is advantageous, in the sense that the detection of attention is performed from single-trial EEG signals of each subject, without reconstructing the speech stimuli. This means that the proposed method could be employed for real-time applications such as smart hearing aid devices or brain-computer interface (BCI) systems.

The protective effect of metformin on mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic mice brain.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder associated with mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction and oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes-associated neurological complications remain elusive. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of metformin (MF) on regulatory networks and integrated stress responses in brain tissue of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with MF (20 mg/kg BW), and whole brain tissue was harvested for further analysis. Protein carbonylation was measured as a marker of neuronal oxidative stress.

Protein expression of mt chaperones, maintenance proteins, and regulators of the unfolded protein response (UPR) were measured by Western blot. Transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme GSTA4; mt biogenesis markers, ER stress regulators, and miR-132 and miR-148a were analysed using qPCR. The results showed that MF efficiently reduced protein carbonylation and oxidation. Mt function was improved by MF-treatment through upregulation of chaperone proteins (HSP60, HSP70 and LonP1). MF elicits the UPR to attenuate ER stress through a miR-132 repression mechanism. Additionally, MF was found to elevate deacetylases- Sirt1, Sirt3; and mt biogenesis marker PGC-1α through miR-148a repression.

This is the first study to demonstrate the epigenetic regulation of mt maintenance by MF in diabetic C57BL/6 mouse whole brain tissue. We thus conclude that MF, beyond its anti-hyperglycaemic role, mediates neuroprotection through epigenomic and integrated stress responses in diabetic mice.

Oral glutathione administration inhibits the oxidative stress and the inflammatory responses in AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F knock-in mice.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Reduced antioxidants and increased oxidative stress and inflammation are responsible for the pathological features characteristic of an AD brain. We observed decreased levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH), the most abundant brain antioxidant, and decreased GSH/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratios in AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F knock-in (NL-G-F) mouse brains. Repeated oral GSH administration for 3 weeks dose-dependently increased GSH levels and restored the GSH/GSSH ratio. Consistent with the restoration of GSH levels, the levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a marker of oxidative stress, were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of NL-G-F mice.

Additionally, inflammatory responses, such as microgliosis and increased mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, were also inhibited. Moreover, behavioral deficits including cognitive decline, depressive-like behaviors, and anxiety-related behaviors observed in NL-G-F mice were significantly improved by oral and chronic GSH administration. Taken together, our data suggest that oral GSH administration is an attractive therapeutic strategy to reduce the excessive oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the AD brain.

Brain tumor tissue array
GL803d	TissueArray	each	306 EUR
Description: Brain tumor tissue array,including astrocytoma, glioblastoma,oligoastrocytomas,oligodendroglioma,medulloblastoma and ependymoma,80 cases/80 cores (core size 1.5mm), replacing GL803c
Brain tumor tissue array
T176a	TissueArray	each	48 EUR
Description: Brain tumor tissue array, including pathology grade, 6 cases/24 cores, replacing T176
Brain tumor and brain tissue array(2016 WHO CNS tumor classification)
GL208a	TissueArray	each	546 EUR
Description: Brain tumor and brain tissue array(2016 WHO CNS tumor classification), including pathology grade, 69 cases/207 cores (cores size 1.0mm), replacing GL208
Pig BRAIN UNSTRIPPED 5 EA*
59404-2	Pel-Freez	5 EA	389.89 EUR
Bovine BRAIN UNSTRIPPED 5 EA*
57104-1	Pel-Freez	5 EA	838.81 EUR
Bovine BRAIN STRIPPED 5 EA*
57105-1	Pel-Freez	5 EA	977.15 EUR
Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase Brain
7-04234	CHI Scientific	10µg	Ask for price
Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase Brain
7-04235	CHI Scientific	50µg	Ask for price
Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase Brain
7-04236	CHI Scientific	1mg	Ask for price
Brain Lysate (0 Days Old)
1403-0	ProSci	0.1 mg	229.2 EUR
Description: Brain tissue lysate (0 Days Old) was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 50 mM DTT.
Brain Lysate (14 Days Old)
1403-14	ProSci	0.1 mg	229.2 EUR
Description: Brain tissue lysate (14 Days Old) was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 50 mM DTT.
Brain Lysate (7 Days Old)
1403-7	ProSci	0.1 mg	229.2 EUR
Description: Brain tissue lysate (7 Days Old) was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 50 mM DTT.
CK BRAIN UNSTRIPPED 50 EA*
43004-2	Pel-Freez	50 EA	666.55 EUR
CK BRAIN STRIPPED 50 EA*
43005-2	Pel-Freez	50 EA	769.66 EUR
Human Blood Brain Barrier Model
3D45002	Neuromics	6 well	2847.6 EUR
Brain Injury Derived Neurotrophic Peptide
5-00866	CHI Scientific	4 x 5mg	Ask for price
Rabbit Brain Cephalin 5 mL
41052-1	Pel-Freez	5mL	224.16 EUR
Rabbit Brain Cephalin 10 mL
41052-2	Pel-Freez	10mL	320.74 EUR
Rabbit Brain Cephalin 100 mL
41052-3	Pel-Freez	100mL	1697.51 EUR
Human Brain Medulla Tissue Lysate
30R-AM039	Fitzgerald	150 ug	282 EUR
Description: Fresh tissue lysate isolated from the medulla of human brain
Brain Protein I3 (BRI3) Antibody
20-abx148695	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 410.40 EUR	100 ug 50 ug
Brain Specific Homeobox (BSX) Antibody
20-abx148701	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 410.40 EUR	100 ug 50 ug
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx149355	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 410.40 EUR	100 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx171465	Abbexa	1011.60 EUR 526.80 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx171466	Abbexa	1045.20 EUR 543.60 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx171467	Abbexa	1095.60 EUR 560.40 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx171942	Abbexa	1028.40 EUR 526.80 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Brain Specific Homeobox (BSX) Antibody
20-abx141122	Abbexa	427.20 EUR 644.40 EUR 260.40 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 30 ul
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
20-abx141856	Abbexa	444.00 EUR 727.20 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 50 ul
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
abx145052-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	469.2 EUR
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
abx145755-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	469.2 EUR
Human Brain S-100 Protein
abx060914-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1796.4 EUR
Human Brain S-100B Protein
abx060915-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	4202.4 EUR
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx102119	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 159.60 EUR 1446.00 EUR 693.60 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx102120	Abbexa	543.60 EUR 159.60 EUR 1562.40 EUR 744.00 EUR 410.40 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx102121	Abbexa	560.40 EUR 159.60 EUR 1629.60 EUR 777.60 EUR 427.20 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx102122	Abbexa	427.20 EUR 1095.60 EUR 560.40 EUR 184.80 EUR 326.40 EUR	100 ug 1 mg 200 ug 20 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx102416	Abbexa	427.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1195.20 EUR 594.00 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx102417	Abbexa	360.00 EUR 159.60 EUR 927.60 EUR 493.20 EUR 309.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx102418	Abbexa	526.80 EUR 159.60 EUR 1479.60 EUR 710.40 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx102419	Abbexa	543.60 EUR 159.60 EUR 1545.60 EUR 744.00 EUR 410.40 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Creatine Kinase Brain Protein (Recombinant)
20-abx073920	Abbexa	276.00 EUR 1562.40 EUR 393.60 EUR	10 ug 1 mg 50 ug
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
20-abx102998	Abbexa	477.60 EUR 159.60 EUR 1312.80 EUR 644.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
20-abx004896	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 710.40 EUR 218.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 20 ul 50 ul
Brain Protein I3 (BRI3) Antibody
20-abx007785	Abbexa	360.00 EUR 526.80 EUR 226.80 EUR	100 ul 200 ul 30 ul
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx002738	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 710.40 EUR	100 ul 200 ul
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx120018-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1612.8 EUR
Glycogen phosphorylase, brain form Antibody
20-abx109826	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 2214.00 EUR 718.80 EUR 218.40 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ug 1 mg 200 ug 20 ug 50 ug
Brain Finger Protein (BFP) Antibody
20-abx130270	Abbexa	526.80 EUR 159.60 EUR 1479.60 EUR 710.40 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx131883	Abbexa	360.00 EUR 861.60 EUR 460.80 EUR 184.80 EUR 292.80 EUR	100 ug 1 mg 200 ug 20 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx131884	Abbexa	393.60 EUR 978.00 EUR 510.00 EUR 184.80 EUR 309.60 EUR	100 ug 1 mg 200 ug 20 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx131885	Abbexa	376.80 EUR 910.80 EUR 493.20 EUR 184.80 EUR 292.80 EUR	100 ug 1 mg 200 ug 20 ug 50 ug
T-Box, Brain, 1 Antibody
20-abx116010	Abbexa	878.40 EUR 477.60 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Brain Finger Protein (BFP) Antibody
20-abx128757	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1378.80 EUR 678.00 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx111815	Abbexa	878.40 EUR 477.60 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A) Antibody
20-abx129174	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 159.60 EUR 1446.00 EUR 693.60 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Finger Protein (BFP) Antibody
20-abx129364	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 159.60 EUR 1412.40 EUR 693.60 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx129526	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1362.00 EUR 661.20 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx129574	Abbexa	526.80 EUR 159.60 EUR 1479.60 EUR 710.40 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Phosphoglycerate Mutase 1 (Brain) Antibody
20-abx114470	Abbexa	878.40 EUR 477.60 EUR	150 ul 50 ul
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx010472-100ul	Abbexa	100 ul	493.2 EUR
Brain Protein 44 (BRP44) Antibody
20-abx014275	Abbexa	376.80 EUR 117.60 EUR 477.60 EUR 594.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 200 ug 300 µg
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx016076-100ul	Abbexa	100 ul	493.2 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx016077-100ul	Abbexa	100 ul	493.2 EUR
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
abx018666-100ul	Abbexa	100 ul	410.4 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx020716-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1528.8 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx020717-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1612.8 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx020718-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1612.8 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx020719-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1612.8 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx020720-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1612.8 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx020721-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1612.8 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx022707-01ml	Abbexa	0.1 ml	886.8 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx022708-01ml	Abbexa	0.1 ml	2055.6 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptid (BNP) Antibody
abx022709-01ml	Abbexa	0.1 ml	1296 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
abx024006-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1528.8 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
abx024007-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1528.8 EUR
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
abx024008-1mg	Abbexa	1 mg	1528.8 EUR
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
abx033150-400ul	Abbexa	400 ul	627.6 EUR
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
abx033150-80l	Abbexa	80 µl	343.2 EUR
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
abx027546-400ul	Abbexa	400 ul	627.6 EUR
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
abx027546-80l	Abbexa	80 µl	343.2 EUR
Brain Finger Protein (RNF112) Antibody
abx029617-400ul	Abbexa	400 ul	627.6 EUR
Brain Finger Protein (RNF112) Antibody
abx029617-80l	Abbexa	80 µl	343.2 EUR
Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A) Antibody
20-abx178525	Abbexa	1479.60 EUR 710.40 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A) Antibody
20-abx178526	Abbexa	1479.60 EUR 710.40 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Brain Injury Derived Neurotrophic Peptide
20-abx266438	Abbexa	661.20 EUR 1111.20 EUR 477.60 EUR	10 mg 25 mg 5 mg
Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A) Antibody
20-abx330058	Abbexa	376.80 EUR 292.80 EUR	100 ug 50 ug
Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A) Antibody
20-abx338616	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 2214.00 EUR 718.80 EUR 218.40 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ug 1 mg 200 ug 20 ug 50 ug
Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A) Antibody
20-abx241831	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ul 50 ul
Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A) Antibody
20-abx327675	Abbexa	376.80 EUR 292.80 EUR	100 ug 50 ug
Brain Specific Homeobox (BSX) Antibody
20-abx327970	Abbexa	376.80 EUR 292.80 EUR	100 ug 50 ug
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
abx430005-200ul	Abbexa	200 ul	460.8 EUR
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
20-abx214378	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ul 50 ul
Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A) Antibody
20-abx174701	Abbexa	1028.40 EUR 526.80 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB) Antibody
20-abx176032	Abbexa	1479.60 EUR 710.40 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A) Antibody
20-abx241064	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ul 50 ul
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
abx236973-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	577.2 EUR
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
abx236974-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	577.2 EUR
Brain Finger Protein (RNF112) Antibody
abx237336-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	661.2 EUR
Brain Finger Protein (BFP) Antibody
20-abx175616	Abbexa	1412.40 EUR 693.60 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx175617	Abbexa	427.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1195.20 EUR 594.00 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx175618	Abbexa	477.60 EUR 159.60 EUR 1312.80 EUR 644.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx175619	Abbexa	477.60 EUR 159.60 EUR 1312.80 EUR 644.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx175620	Abbexa	477.60 EUR 159.60 EUR 1312.80 EUR 644.40 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx175621	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 159.60 EUR 1362.00 EUR 661.20 EUR 376.80 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx175622	Abbexa	510.00 EUR 159.60 EUR 1412.40 EUR 693.60 EUR 393.60 EUR	100 ug 10 ug 1 mg 200 ug 50 ug
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Antibody
20-abx175623	Abbexa	1545.60 EUR 744.00 EUR	1 mg 200 ug
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB) Antibody
20-abx214822	Abbexa	493.20 EUR 360.00 EUR	100 ul 50 ul
Monosialoganglioside GM1 from bovine brain
CTGM15-N-10	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	270 EUR
cDNA from Alzheimer's Disease: Brain
C1236035Alz	Biochain	40 reactions	801.6 EUR
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Liver Cirrhosis: Brain
C1236035Lcs	Biochain	40 reactions	801.6 EUR
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Parkinson's Disease: Brain
C1236035Par	Biochain	40 reactions	801.6 EUR
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Dementia: Brain: Hippocampus
C1236052Dem	Biochain	40 reactions	961.2 EUR
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Depression: Brain: Hippocampus
C1236052Dep	Biochain	40 reactions	961.2 EUR
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Active Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB)
4-APC030Hu01	Cloud-Clone	925.32 EUR 370.80 EUR 3139.97 EUR 1126.66 EUR 2133.31 EUR 694.80 EUR 7669.92 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase, Brain expressed in: Available from E.coli, Yeast, Baculovirus and Mammalian cells
Brain Vasculature, Peptide Aptamer, Biotinylated
AP-304-B	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	Ask for price
Brain Vasculature, Peptide Aptamer, unlabeled
AP-304-U	Alpha Diagnostics	5 mg	Ask for price
Mouse Brain Whole tissue lysate
MAL-1403	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	628.8 EUR
Native Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB)
4-NPC030Mu01	Cloud-Clone	603.84 EUR 285.60 EUR 1934.40 EUR 724.80 EUR 1329.60 EUR 480.00 EUR 4656.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Creatine Kinase, Brain expressed in: Mouse
BDNF/Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
E21-076	EnoGene	10ug	411.6 EUR
Human Brain Microglia Cells - Immortalized
HBMCs001	Neuromics	500,000 cells	3967.2 EUR
Human Brain Cancer Primer Library
HBRC-I	Real Time Primers	1 set	657.6 EUR
Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
HEC02	Neuromics	500,000+ Cells frozen	1296 EUR
GFP Expressing Human Brain Pericytes
HMP101	Neuromics	500,000 cells - Frozen	1624.8 EUR
Human Brain Microvascular Pericytes (HBMVPCs)
HMP104	Neuromics	500,000+ Cells - Frozen	1296 EUR
GFP Expressing Human Brain Astrocytes
HMP201	Neuromics	500,000 Cells - Frozen	1624.8 EUR
Brain Injury Derived Neurotrophic Peptide
H-3914.0001	Bachem	1.0mg	181.2 EUR
Description: Sum Formula: C62H102N18O18; CAS# [148330-12-5]
Brain Injury Derived Neurotrophic Peptide
H-3914.0005	Bachem	5.0mg	618 EUR
Description: Sum Formula: C62H102N18O18; CAS# [148330-12-5]
Brain and Acute Leukemia, Cytoplamatic
PR27238	Neuromics	2 ug	229.2 EUR
Brain Expressed X-Linked 1
PR27258	Neuromics	2 ug	229.2 EUR
Recombinant Brain Finger Protein (BFP)
4-RPB093Hu01	Cloud-Clone	595.24 EUR 283.20 EUR 1902.14 EUR 714.05 EUR 1308.10 EUR 474.00 EUR 4575.36 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Brain Finger Protein expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Brain Finger Protein (BFP)
4-RPB093Mu01	Cloud-Clone	610.30 EUR 286.80 EUR 1958.59 EUR 732.86 EUR 1345.73 EUR 483.60 EUR 4716.48 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Brain Finger Protein expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Brain Finger Protein (BFP)
4-RPB093Ra01	Cloud-Clone	636.10 EUR 294.00 EUR 2055.36 EUR 765.12 EUR 1410.24 EUR 501.60 EUR 4958.40 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Brain Finger Protein expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB)
4-RPC030Ca01	Cloud-Clone	550.08 EUR 271.20 EUR 1732.80 EUR 657.60 EUR 1195.20 EUR 444.00 EUR 4152.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Dog Creatine Kinase, Brain expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB)
4-RPC030Hu01	Cloud-Clone	567.29 EUR 274.80 EUR 1797.31 EUR 679.10 EUR 1238.21 EUR 454.80 EUR 4313.28 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase, Brain expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB)
4-RPC030Mu01	Cloud-Clone	601.69 EUR 284.40 EUR 1926.34 EUR 722.11 EUR 1324.22 EUR 477.60 EUR 4635.84 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Creatine Kinase, Brain expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Creatine Kinase, Brain (CKB)
4-RPC030Ra01	Cloud-Clone	496.32 EUR 256.80 EUR 1531.20 EUR 590.40 EUR 1060.80 EUR 408.00 EUR 3648.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Creatine Kinase, Brain expressed in: E.coli
Brain Injury Derived Neurotrophic Peptide
SP-100434-1	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	343.2 EUR
Synthetic Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
4-SPA541Hu01	Cloud-Clone	496.32 EUR 256.80 EUR 1531.20 EUR 590.40 EUR 1060.80 EUR 408.00 EUR 3648.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Synthetic Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) expressed in: E.coli
BNP, Brain Natriuretic Peptide, human
RC218-20	Bio Basic	20ug	125.26 EUR
Recombinant Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain (PYGB)
4-RPA845Hu01	Cloud-Clone	560.83 EUR 273.60 EUR 1773.12 EUR 671.04 EUR 1222.08 EUR 451.20 EUR 4252.80 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Syntaxin 1A, Brain (STX1A)
4-RPD035Hu01	Cloud-Clone	580.19 EUR 278.40 EUR 1845.70 EUR 695.23 EUR 1270.46 EUR 463.20 EUR 4434.24 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Syntaxin 1A, Brain expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
4-RPA541Ca01	Cloud-Clone	765.12 EUR 328.80 EUR 2539.20 EUR 926.40 EUR 1732.80 EUR 588.00 EUR 6168.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Dog Brain Natriuretic Peptide expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
4-RPA541Hu01	Cloud-Clone	636.10 EUR 294.00 EUR 2055.36 EUR 765.12 EUR 1410.24 EUR 501.60 EUR 4958.40 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Brain Natriuretic Peptide expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
4-RPA541Mu01	Cloud-Clone	642.55 EUR 295.20 EUR 2079.55 EUR 773.18 EUR 1426.37 EUR 505.20 EUR 5018.88 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Brain Natriuretic Peptide expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
4-RPA541Mu02	Cloud-Clone	642.55 EUR 295.20 EUR 2079.55 EUR 773.18 EUR 1426.37 EUR 505.20 EUR 5018.88 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Brain Natriuretic Peptide expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
4-RPA541Po01	Cloud-Clone	722.11 EUR 316.80 EUR 2377.92 EUR 872.64 EUR 1625.28 EUR 559.20 EUR 5764.80 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Pig Brain Natriuretic Peptide expressed in: E.coli
Recombinant Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
4-RPA541Ra01	Cloud-Clone	657.60 EUR 300.00 EUR 2136.00 EUR 792.00 EUR 1464.00 EUR 516.00 EUR 5160.00 EUR	100 ug 10ug 1 mg 200 ug 500 ug 50ug 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Brain Natriuretic Peptide expressed in: E.coli
Disposable Brain Knife 12 Inch
INS6158	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	79.8 EUR
Brain Heart Infusion (BHI)Agar
MED1432	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	78.66 EUR
Rat Brain Whole tissue lysate
RAL-1463	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	628.8 EUR
S-100?? Protein, Bovine Brain
P1275-100	Biovision	each	483.6 EUR
Brain tumor tissue test array
GL1003	TissueArray	each	306 EUR
Description: Brain tumor tissue test array, including pathology grade, 25 cases/100 cores
Brain metastatic carcinoma tissue array
GL861a	TissueArray	each	378 EUR
Description: Brain metastatic carcinoma tissue array, including pathology grade, 43 cases/86 cores, replacing GL861
Human Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
90110-A	BPS Bioscience	2 µg	130 EUR
Description: Recombinant BDNF is a disulfide-linked homodimeric protein consisting of two 119 amino acid residues. migrates as an approximately 27 kDa protein under non-reducing conditions and as a 13-14 kDa protein under reducing conditions in SDS-PAGE. Optimized DNA sequence encoding Human Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor mature chain was expressed in E. coli.
Human Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
90110-B	BPS Bioscience	10 µg	205 EUR
Description: Recombinant BDNF is a disulfide-linked homodimeric protein consisting of two 119 amino acid residues. migrates as an approximately 27 kDa protein under non-reducing conditions and as a 13-14 kDa protein under reducing conditions in SDS-PAGE. Optimized DNA sequence encoding Human Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor mature chain was expressed in E. coli.
Brain glioblastoma (most of GBM) tissue array with normal brain tissue as control
GL806g	TissueArray	each	354 EUR
Description: Brain glioblastoma (most of GBM) tissue array with normal brain tissue as control, including WHO histological classification and pathology grade, 40 cases/80 cores (core size 1.5mm), replacing GL806f
Brain Derived Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (1-11); FGF acidic (1-11) (bovine brain)
5-00863	CHI Scientific	4 x 5mg	Ask for price
Brain Derived Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (102-111); FGF acidic (102-111) (bovine brain)
5-00864	CHI Scientific	4 x 5mg	Ask for price
Rat Brain PrimaCell1: Normal Brain Fibroblasts Growth Supplements with Serum (for 500 ml medium)
9-26011	CHI Scientific	1 Set	Ask for price
Mouse Brain PrimaCell1: Normal Brain Fibroblasts Growth Supplements with Serum (for 500 ml medium)
9-33010	CHI Scientific	1 Set	Ask for price
Human Brain PrimaCell1: Normal Brain Fibroblasts Growth Supplements with Serum (for 500 ml medium)
9-47013	CHI Scientific	1 Set	Ask for price
Recombinant Human Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
7-00145	CHI Scientific	2µg	Ask for price
Recombinant Human Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
7-00146	CHI Scientific	10µg	Ask for price

Screening and Treatment of Obstetric Anemia: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines

Iron deficiency is a major cause of anemia.1 Other causes of anemia include deficiency in nutrients (e.g., vitamin B12 and folate), inflammation, parasitic infections and disorders in hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis or red blood cell production and survival (e.g., hemoglobinopathies).

1 Iron deficiency anemia is defined as blood Hb concentrations of less than 110 g/L in the first trimester, less than 105 g/L in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and less than 100 g/L postpartum.

2 The serum ferritin level provides information about the capacity of the body to reserve iron and its concentration of less than 15 µg/L (a cut off that is associated with higher specificity) during pregnancy is diagnostic of iron deficiency anemia.

2,3 A level of less than 30 µg/L of ferritin (a cut off that is associated with higher sensitivity) should prompt treatment.

2,3 However, serum ferritin measurement may not be accurate during infection or inflammation, as it can be normal or elevated despite a low Hb concentration.

1 Iron deficiency in pregnancy has significant negative effects on both maternal and fetal outcomes, including low birthweight, prematurity, perinatal mortality, increased risk of maternal infections and lowered tolerance to blood loss and infection.1 It also affects immediate and long term neurodevelopment of infants.

4 It was found that low maternal iron intake is associated with increased risk of autism, schizophrenia and abnormal brain structure in the offspring.

4 A review reported that findings from several cross-sectional studies suggested that the prevalence of iron deficiency among pregnant Canadians and pregnant adolescents ranged from 3% to 66%.5 Given the negative impacts of iron deficiency on maternal and child health, there is still uncertainty as whether screening of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy should be part of routine care, and which type of testing (e.g., Hb or ferritin) is more effective to improve maternal and infant health outcomes. The aim of this report is to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening obstetric iron deficiency in the first or second trimester using ferritin testing, and to review evidence-based guidelines for assessing and treating obstetric iron deficiency.

In this report, gender-neutral language has been used where possible in order to be inclusive of all gender identities. When reporting results from the published manuscript, gender-neutral language was not used in order to be consistent with the terms used in the source material.
The Architecture of the Human Fovea

We summarize the development, structure, different neural types and neural circuitry in the human fovea. The foveal pit is devoid of rod photoreceptors and of secondary and tertiary neurons, allowing light to directly stimulate cones and give us maximal visual acuity. The circuitry underlying the transmission to the brain occurs at the rim of the fovea. The predominant circuitry is concerned with the ‘private’ cone to midget bipolar cell and midget ganglion cell pathways.

Every cone drives two midget bipolar cells and two midget ganglion cells so that the message from a single cone is provided to the brain as a contrast between lighter signals (ON pathways) or darker signals (OFF pathways). The sharpening of this contrast message is provided by horizontal-cell feedback circuits and, in some pathways by amacrine circuitry. These midget pathways carry a concentric color and spatially opponent message from red and green cones. Blue cones are sparse, even largely missing in the foveal center while occurring at somewhat higher density than elsewhere in the cone mosaic of the foveal slope. Signals from blue cones have different pathways to ganglion cells. The best understood is through an ON-type blue-cone-selecting bipolar cell to a non-midget, small bistratified ganglion cell.

An OFF-center blue midget bipolar is known to be present in the fovea and connects to a blue OFF midget ganglion cell. Another OFF blue message is sent to a giant melanopsin ganglion cell that is present in the foveal rim area, but the circuitry driving that is less certain and possibly involves an intermediate amacrine cell. The H2 horizontal cells are thought to be feedback neurons primarily of the blue cone system.

Amacrine cells of the fovea are mostly small-field and glycinergic. The larger field GABAergic amacrines are present but more typically surround the fovea in a ring of processes, with little or no penetration into the foveal center. Thus, the small field glycinergic amacrines are important in some sort of interplay with the midget bipolar–midget ganglion cell channels. We have anatomical descriptions of their synaptology but only a few have been recorded from physiologically. Both OFF pathway and ON pathway amacrines are present in the fovea.

Measuring water exchange across the blood-brain barrier using MRI.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the transfer of solutes and essential nutrients into the brain. Growing evidence supports BBB dysfunction in a range of acute and chronic brain diseases, justifying the need for novel research and clinical tools that can non-invasively detect, characterize, and quantify BBB dysfunction in-vivo.

Many approaches already exist for measuring BBB dysfunction in man using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (e.g. dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI measurements of gadolinium leakage).